The Electric and Range Extended Electric Light-Vehicle Report

Furthermore the report examines enabling technologies including batteries and energy storage, new anode technologies, electric motors, transmissions, range extenders and electric vehicle supply equipment.

Background to this research

Currently, there is a range of established and emerging technologies competing for a place alongside the gasoline- and diesel-fuelled ICE in the road transportation sector. Natural gas is widely established as an alternative fuel, particularly in developing countries. Ethanol is well established in Brazil, for example, and its use elsewhere, particularly in the US, is increasing. Biodiesel production and use is increasing worldwide.

Hybrid-electric drivetrains are well established in the market and other hybrid technologies, such as hybrid-hydraulic and hybrid-kinetic, are being investigated; several OEMs are conducting hydrogen fuel cell vehicle trials; and the first mass-production EVs and REEVs are now on the market.

Standards

Cost

Range

Recharging Time

Consumer Preferences

Global
Europe
The United States

Resource Supplies

Lithium
Rare earth elements

Potential Technology Issues

Market Dynamics And Forecasts

New Players, Relationships And Collaborations
New Markets
Market Forecasts

Enabling Technologies

Batteries And Energy Storage

Energy and power density
Cycle life
Technology cost
Safety
Cell components and construction
Lithium Cobalt Oxide - LiCo02
Lithium Manganese Oxide Spinel - LiMn204
Lithium Iron Phosphate - LiFeP04
Lithium (NCM) - Nickel Cobalt Manganese - LiNiCo Mn02
Future cathode development

New Anode Technologies

Graphene based anode technology
CoS2 hollow spheres
Cobalt oxide
Silicon based anode technology
Tin based anode technology
Electrolyte materials

Chemistry Development

Other battery chemistries
Super-capacitors and ultra-capacitors
Energy storage membrane

Energy Harvesting

Electric Motors

Direct-current (DC) Motors
Asynchronous alternating-current (AC) motors
Synchronous AC motors
Switched reluctance motors
Axial-Flux Motors
In-wheel motors
Electric corner modules

Transmissions

Antonov
BorgWarner
Fallbrook Technologies
Getrag
IAV
Oerlikon Graziano and Vocis
Wrightspeed
Xtrac
Zeroshift

Range Extenders

Fuel cell range extenders

Electronic Components

Electrically-Driven Ancillaries

Power steering
Climate control

Regenerative Braking

Brakes

Grid Connectivity And Recharging Infrastructure

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment

Europe
The United States
China
EVSE suppliers
Inductive charging
Battery exchange

Telematics

Thermal Management

Available Electric Vehicles

Low-Speed ‘Neighbourhood’ Electric Vehicles
Three-Wheel Electric Vehicles
Electric Cars And Light Commercial Vehicles
Range-Extended Electric Vehicles

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: GM s EV 1 Source: Auto Evolution
Figure 2: Vehicle size and duty cycle aligned to powertrain Source: Toyota
Figure 3: Well-to-wheel CO2 emissions by powertrain including source considerations Source: Eduardo Velasco Orosco, UAEM & GMM
Figure 4: Comparative drivetrain costing per percentage point CO2 reduction Source: Toyota
Figure 5: Well-to-wheel powertrain costs relative to conventional Source: Eduardo Velasco Orosco, UAEM & GMM
Figure 6: Future light vehicle fuel mix forecast to 2030 Source: Various including PRTM Research and OICA(April 2011)
Figure 7: Fuel economy standards to 2015 for selected countries (US mpg) Source: Various
Figure 8: CO reductions in the EU, Japan and the US, 2000 – 2010 Source: Implats
Figure 9: NOx reductions in the EU, Japan and the US, 2000 – 2010 Source: Implats
Figure 10: HC reductions in the EU, Japan and the US, 2000 – 2010 Source: Implats
Figure 11: Diesel PM reductions in the EU, Japan and the US, 2000 – 2010 Source: Implats
Figure 12: Lifecycle emissions and fuel use per mile for light gasoline and electric cars Source: US Department of Energy
Figure 13: WTI crude oil spot price (USD), 1985 – November 2011 Source: US Energy Information Administration
Figure 14: US all grades retail gasoline price (USD), 1995 – November 2011 Source: US Energy Information Administration
Figure 15: Comparison of average well-to-wheel CO2 emissions of ICEs with those of EVs powered by the average EU electricity mix Source: C E Delft
Figure 16: Fuel chain efficiency rates for ICE and EV vehicles Source: SupplierBusiness
Figure 17: Rapidly converging powertrain costs Source: McKinsey
Figure 18: European and US consumer expectations of plug-in hybrid range (miles) Source: AutoTECHCAST
Figure 19: EV driving range as a function of ambient temperature Source: GM
Figure 20: 1990 US driving patterns (miles) Source: 1990 Nationwide personal transportation survey
Figure 21: Percentage of daily journeys (km) by country Source: Nissan
Figure 22: Lithium demand forecast to 2020 Source: TRU Group
Figure 23: Principal uses of selected rare earth oxides Source: Avalon Rare Metals
Figure 24: Rare earth oxide prices (USD), 2008 - November 2011 Source: Lynas Corporation
Figure 25: Global rare earth production (tons) forecast to 2014 Source: D. Kingsworth (Industial Miner) in PRTM April 2011
Figure 26: Growth of EV charging facilities in China Source: Research China
Figure 27: Changes and opportunities in the value chain Source: Ricardo
Figure 28: EV market forecast by region, 2011 – 2017 Source: IHS Automotive
Figure 29: REEV market forecast by region, 2011 – 2017 Source: IHS Automotive
Figure 30: Total plug-in, electric drive vehicles forecast, 2011 – 2017 Source: IHS Automotive
Figure 31: Plugged-in vehicle market forecast – business-as-expected scenario Source: IHS Automotive
Figure 32: Installed EV charging stations worldwide 2010 to 2015 Source: Pike research
Figure 33: A simple comparison of electrical energy storage systems Source: Bosch
Figure 34: Specific power (W/kg) versus specific energy (Wh/kg) Source: Axeon Power (Ford, CTI Symposium, May 2011)
Figure 35: Cycles by chemistry (deep discharge) Source: Knibb Gormezano & Partners
Figure 36: Application cycle requirements Source: Knibb Gormezano & Partners
Figure 37: Lithium-ion battery cell costs breakdown Source: Yano Research
Figure 38: Lithium-ion battery pack cost breakdown Source: Yano Research/ Axeon Technologies
Figure 39: Battery costs to OEMs at low volumes Source: Boston Consulting Group
Figure 40: Lithium-ion and nanotechnology roadmap
Figure 41: Cathode (and anode in the case of LTO) performance Source: BCG
Figure 42: Voltage versus capacity for some electrode materials Source: Department of energy and materials science. Saga University
Figure 43: Anode energy density for various anode technologies Source: Nexeon
Figure 44 : Lithium-ion prismatic battery design Source: Batscap
Figure 45: Lithium-ion battery construction Source: EnerDel
Figure 46: Zinc-Air battery systems Source: ReVolt
Figure 47: Theoretical maximum energy density for different cell chemistries Source: Axeon
Figure 49: Energy density versus power density for various energy-storage devices
Figure 48: Redox battery technology Source: Green car congress
Figure 50: Ultracapacitor within a stop-start system Source: Maxwell
Figure 51: Ultracapacitor used to overcome temperature sensitivity to temperature of li-ion battery pack Source:
Figure 52: Ultracapacitor versus lithium-ion energy efficiency
Figure 53: Ultra-capacitor components Source: SupplierBusiness
Figure 54: Typical torque and power comparisons Source: Edrive
Figure 55: Switched reluctance motors Source: Ricardo
Figure 56: Axial Flux PM motors Source: Evo Electric
Figure 57: Technology roadmap for electric traction motors Source: US DOE
Figure 58: Mitsubishi MIEV Source: Mitsubishi
Figure 59: Honda in-wheel motor Source: Honda
Figure 60: Michelin ActiveWheel Source: Michelin
Figure 61: Continental eCorner Source: Continental
Figure 62: Optimum EV transmission ratios for each performance criterion Source: IAV, Chemnitz and Gifhorn; CTI Symposium, Michigan, May 2011
Figure 63: Antonov three-speed EV transmission Source: Antonov
Figure 64: BorgWarner 31-03 eGearDrive single-speed transmission Source: BorgWarner
Figure 65: IAV DrivePacEV80 Source: IAV
Figure 66: Oelikon Graziano-Vocis two-speed EV transmission Source: Vocis
Figure 67: Wrightspeed GTD Source: Wrightspeed
Figure 68: Xtrac transmission for the Rolls-Royce 102EX Source: Xtrac
Figure 69: Chevrolet Volt Source: GM
Figure 70: Fisker Karma Source: Fisker
Figure 71: Lotus range-extender system Source: Lotus
Figure 72: Honda FCX Clarity Source: Honda
Figure 73: Continental regenerative braking unit Source: Continental
Figure 74: Continental spindle-actuated electromechanical brake Source: Continental
Figure 76: EV/ PHEV electricity demand by time of day Source: US EPA
Figure 75: EV/ PHEV electricity demand in the US to 2030 Source: US EPA
Figure 77: A utility vision of a smart grid installation Source: EPRI
Figure 78: Changes in utility customer relationships Source: Southern California Edison
Figure 79: A schematic showing smart grid connectivity elements Source: AC Propulsion
Figure 80: Electric vehicles and smart grids - cars as appliances Source: Curtain University of Technology
Figure 81: Different options for grid connection Source: Pacific Gas and Electricity Company
Figure 82: GE s WattStation electric vehicle charging station Source: GE
Figure 83: Better Place battery exchange system Source: Better Place

List of Tables